military junta definition

In addition, Robin said she was shocked to learn that the DST French intelligence agency gave DINA the names of refugees who returned to Chile (Operation Retorno) from France during their counterinsurgency. Such measures have had mixed success. 0 && stateHdr.searchDesk ? For over thirty years, the Mothers have campaigned to find out about the fate of their lost relatives. The mission was formed of veterans who had fought in the Algerian War and it was assigned to the offices of the chief of staff of the Argentine Armed Forces. On 19 January 1974, the Trotskyist People's Revolutionary Army attacked the military garrison in the Buenos Aires city of Azul, prompting a harsh response from the then constitutional president Juan Pern[42] and contributing to his shift towards the rightist faction of the justicialist movement during the last months of his life. Junta (Habsburg), an administrative body that ruled in personal union with the Spanish Habsburgs. junta; military junta Hypernyms ("military junta" is a kind of. Also called: junto a small group of men; cabal, faction, or clique 3. to fight against subversive groups. [13] Though approximately half of dictatorships hold unfair elections to consolidate power, military dictatorships are less likely to do so, with less than one quarter of military dictatorships holding elections. [59] The level of direct military involvement in governance depends on how the military institution is structured. a council. [citation needed], Marie-Monique Robin also demonstrated that since the 1930s, there had been ties between the French far-right and Argentina, in particular through the Catholic fundamentalist organisation Cit catholique, created by Jean Ousset, a former secretary of Charles Maurras, the founder of the royalist Action Franaise movement. [11] At the same time, these factors may increase the risk of civil conflict. [51] In some cases, military officers may be pressured to retire from the military upon taking power, limiting their ability to control military promotions and postings while ruling as dictator. During Holy Week (Semana Santa) in April 1987, Lieutenant Colonel Aldo Rico (commander of the 18th Infantry Regiment in Misiones province) and several junior army officers barricaded themselves in the Campo de Mayo army barracks. Eleven police and military died, and 53 were wounded in the fighting. [33], The term "Dirty War" was used by the military junta, which claimed that a war, albeit with "different" methods (including the large-scale application of torture and rape), was necessary to maintain social order and eradicate political subversives. ): camp ; clique ; coterie ; ingroup ; inner circle ; pack (an exclusive circle of people with a common purpose) junta (noun) junta / hnt/ noun. These created a Defense Council headed by the president and including his ministers and chiefs of the armed forces. [189], In February 2006, some former Ford Argentine workers sued the U.S.-based company, alleging that local managers worked with the security forces to detain union members on the premises and torture them. The abolition of military police creates separate issues as it effectively creates mass unemployment of individuals trained in violence. [citation needed], Argentine Admiral Luis Mara Menda, who had started the practice of "death flights", testified in January 2007 before Argentine judges, that a French intelligence agent, Bertrand de Perseval, had participated in the abduction of the two French nuns, Lonie Duquet and Alice Domont. LONDON, Jun 23 2023 (IPS) - The violence keeps coming in Myanmar, under military rule since February 2021. [citation needed], The democratic government of Ral Alfonsn was elected to office in 1983. [167] The French military would transmit to their Argentine counterparts the notion of an "internal enemy" and the use of torture, death squads and quadrillages (grids). [43] During the same month of August 1974, the SMATA Crdoba trade-union, in conflict with the company Ika Renault, was closed by the national direction of trade unions and the majority of its leaders and activists arrested. [77], According to Papaleo, the sale was made under duress. The first was a complete depoliticization of society . Urbanization and industrialization support the creation of a middle class that is better equipped for civic engagement. Argentina under Juan Pern was the most prominent of these, though other examples of reformist militarism occurred in this period, including in Egypt under Gamal Abdel Nasser and Portugal under the Armed Forces Movement. "Una duda histrica: no se sabe cuntos son los desaparecidos", "Desaparecidos: "El nmero definitivo lo vamos a tener cuando hablen los perpetradores", "Luis Muia handed life in jail for dictatorship-era murder at Posadas hospital", "Joint CIA/Department of State memorandum, "Meeting at Department of State to Discuss Operation Condor," Secret, August 13, 1976. Luis Roldan, former Secretary of Cult under Carlos Menem, President of Argentina from 1989 to 1999, was presented by Dominique Lagneau, the priest in charge of the monastery, to Robin as "Mr. Cit catholique in Argentina". [6] Politicization of the military can also cause factionalism, and the military is often willing to give up power voluntarily rather than have the military destabilized. [37][38], In 1955, former army officer Juan Pern was ousted from the presidency by a coup (Revolucin Libertadora) three months after the Bombing of Plaza de Mayo, a failed coup attempt considered by some as state terrorism. [200] A Catholic youth leader, Juan Ignacio Isla Casares, with the help of the Montoneros commander Eduardo Pereira Rossi (nom de guerre "El Carln") was the mastermind behind the ambush and killing of five policemen near San Isidro Cathedral on 26 October 1975. especially : a group of persons controlling a government especially after a revolutionary seizure of power. [43], Trade unionists were also targeted by the repression in 1973 as Carlos Bache was assassinated on 21 August 1973; Enrique Damiano, of the Taxis Trade Union of Crdoba, on 3 October; Juan Avila, also of Crdoba, the following day; Pablo Fredes, on 30 October in Buenos Aires; and Adrin Snchez, on 8 November 1973 in the Province of Jujuy. [26] Soon after the coup, Peronist resistance began organizing in workplaces and trade unions as the working classes sought economic and social improvements. [61], Factions are less likely to form along ideological lines among elites within military dictatorships, as military officers are more likely to be aligned in policy preferences and to prioritize military unity, allowing for more efficient implementation of policy. They surrendered on 17 January 1988, and 300 rebels were arrested and sentenced to prison terms. [citation needed], In December 1976, 22 captured Montoneros responsible for the death of General Cceres Moni and the attack on the Argentine Army 29th Mountain Infantry Regiment[95] were tortured and executed during the massacre of Margarita Beln in the military Chaco Province, for which Videla would be found guilty of homicide during the 1985 Trial of the Juntas, in addition to the guilty verdicts against Cristino Nicolaides, junta leader Leopoldo Galtieri and Santa Fe Provincial Police chief Wenceslao Ceniquel. [161][162], When Minister of Foreign Affairs Dominique de Villepin travelled to Chile in February 2003, he claimed that no co-operation between France and the military regimes had occurred. SMART Vocabulary: related words and phrases Systems of government absolutism [citation needed], In 2005, under the Nestor Kirchner presidency, the trials were opened again. [48] Junior officers sometimes take power through a military coup, often when factionalism has broken down the traditional command structure, and most coups led by junior officers defer to senior officers after seizing power. [205] In addition, during his 2016 visit to Argentina, President Obama said that the United States "was too slow" to condemn human rights atrocities during the military junta years but stopped short of apologizing for Washington's early support for the military government. She, along with her family, attended a night meeting at the La Nacin offices on November 2. immediately after a coup d'tat and before a legally constituted government has been instituted. [52] The need to consider the wishes of soldiers and officers causes policy in a military dictatorship to heavily favor the military, including increased military spending and other benefits for enlisted members. What is not understood in the United States is that you have a civil war. Other military dictatorships in Africa sought power simply to provide advantages for its members and its political interests. Historical Context: Pinochet's Dictatorship and the 1980 Referendum. Throughout its decades of independence, Myanmar has struggled with military rule, civil war, poor governance, and widespread poverty. From then through October 2011, 259 persons were convicted for crimes against humanity and genocide and sentenced in Argentine courts, including Alfredo Astiz, a notorious torturer, that month. [116] A large wave of military dictatorships occurred in the 1970s,[20] and most of Latin America was under the rule of military dictatorships by the middle of the decade. Crimes committed during this time (genocide of civilian population and other crimes against humanity) are not covered under the laws of war (jus in bello), which shields enlisted personnel from prosecution for acts committed under orders given by a superior officer or the state. [116], By refusing to acknowledge the existence of what was later established to be at least 340 concentration camps throughout the country they also denied the existence of their occupants. The memorandum adds that disappearances "include not only suspected terrorists but also encompass a broader range of people, for example, labor leaders, workers, clergymen, human rights advocates, scientists, doctors, and political party leaders". [196], It has since been revealed that Cardinal Bergoglio made efforts behind the scenes to save and evacuate suspected dissidents who face persecution by the Argentine military Junta when he was the head of the Jesuits[197] It is estimated that during his time as the head of the Jesuits Bergoglio saved the lives of over 1000 dissidents[198] The Mothers of the Plaza De Mayo, initially harsh critics of Bergoglio, would end up reconciling with him when he became Pope, with Hebe Bonafini their leader saying he is "with the people"[199], A priest, Christian von Wernich, was chaplain of the Buenos Aires Province Police while it was under the command of General Ramn Camps during the dictatorship, with the rank of inspector. [4], Throughout the 20th Century, military juntas were frequently seen in Latin America, typically in the form of an "institutionalized, highly corporate/professional junta" headed by the commanding officers of the different military branches (army, navy, and air force), and sometimes joined by the head of the national police or other key bodies. The 1985 CONADEP human rights commission counted 458 assassinations from 1973 to 1975 in its report Nunca Ms (Never Again): 19 in 1973, 50 in 1974 and 359 in 1975, carried out by paramilitary groups, who acted mostly under the Jos Lpez Rega's parapolice and paramilitary Triple A death squad (according to Argenpress, at least 25 trade-unionists were assassinated in 1974). She found six companies in which dozens of union representatives were kidnapped and tortured, often detained inside the companies and transferred to clandestine detention centers (CDC) in vehicles provided by the companies. (Government, Politics & Diplomacy) a group of military officers holding the power in a country, esp after a coup d'tat 2. Fearing military uprisings, Argentina's first two presidents sentenced only the two top Dirty War former commanders. Hill did this although Kissinger aides told him that if he continued, Kissinger would likely have him fired. [39] Despite these restrictions, military dictatorships are more likely to democratize than other forms of dictatorship, particularly if power has not consolidated in the hands of a single officer. [6], A regime can also be formed by an insurgency, or an informal group of militants that attempt to seize power in a government. [126] Her grandmother spent 24 years looking for her. Test your vocabulary with our fun image quizzes, Clear explanations of natural written and spoken English. Most caudillos came from a military background, and their rule was typically associated with pageantry and glamor. He, at one time in fact, sent me a back-channel telegram saying that the Foreign Minister, who had just come for a visit to Washington and had returned to Buenos Aires, had gloated to him that Kissinger had said nothing to him about human rights. [citation needed], In 1977 and 1978, the United States sold more than $120,000,000 in military spare parts to Argentina and in 1977 the Department of Defense was granted $700,000 to train 217 Argentine military officers. Many military officers will choose to end the military's involvement in politics if it appears to be having a negative effect on the military's cohesion, its legitimacy, or its interests.

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